Chapter 10: HaZeroa VeHaLechayayim (the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw) · Tue, 8 September 2026Capítulo 10: HaZeroa VehaLejaiaim (la pata delantera, las quijadas y el cuajar) · mar, 8 de septiembre de 2026פרק 10: הזרוע והלחיים (הזרוע, הלחיים והקיבה — שלוש מתנות כהונה) · יום ג׳, 8 בספטמבר 2026
⚠️AI-generated study aid, built from the text of the daf. It does not replace learning the daf itself.Hoja generada por IA a partir del texto del daf. No reemplaza el estudio del daf mismo.דף עזר ללימוד שנוצר בבינה מלאכותית מתוך טקסט הדף. אינו מחליף את לימוד הדף עצמו.
📜 This is the daf itself — the Vilna page, not our writing. It is not AI-generated.Este es el daf mismo — la página de Vilna, no nuestra redacción. No está generado por IA.זהו הדף עצמו — דף וילנא, ולא כתיבה שלנו. הוא אינו מיוצר בבינה מלאכותית.
The big picture (read this first)
Two rulings from yesterday are still standing, and the whole of today is the Gemara throwing
proof-texts at them, one after another, to see if they buckle.
The first is Rav Ḥisda’s: one who damages the priestly gifts, or eats them, owes the kohen
nothing. Behind it lies a sharp idea — the gifts are money that has no claimant. There is
no one who can drag you to court over them, and where there is no plaintiff there is no suit. The
top of 131a hurls three cases at this (a seized threshing floor, a sale of innards, a list of “the
priest’s property”), and each time the Gemara shows the case turns on something else — benefit,
intactness, or a technical use of the word “property” — not on a kohen’s power to sue.
The second ruling is Rav’s, and it takes over the daf. A Levite kept snatching the gifts, and
Rav’s reaction reveals a doubt he never resolved: are Levites included in “the people” (am)
of the verse “this shall be the priests’ due from the people”? If they are, the gifts can be
forced out of them; if not, the Torah exempted them. Rav simply does not know — so he leaves the
Levite alone, because the burden of proof is on whoever would take.
The engine of the daf is a single word — am. Every objection that follows is really asking:
does this baraita quietly assume Levites are “the people” or that they are not? And every answer
is Rav’s escape hatch — reread the case so it never rides on that assumption at all.
In the middle of all this sits a self-contained gem: a baraita mapping every gift left to the
poor — gleanings, the forgotten sheaf, the corner, fallen grapes, defective clusters — against
the poor man’s tithe, and asking of each whether the owner may choose whom to give it to. The
answer turns on a single Hebrew verb in each verse: leave versus give.
Key concepts & terms
Term
Meaning
מַתְּנוֹת כְּהוּנָּה — mattenot kehuna
The priestly gifts; in this chapter the three cuts of a non-sacred animal owed to the kohen.
The foreleg, the jaw (with cheeks and tongue), and the maw — the three gifts themselves.
אִיקְּרוֹ “עַם” — ikru “am”
“Are they called ‘the people’?” — the unresolved question of whether Levites fall under “from the people” and so must give the gifts.
טוֹבַת הֲנָאָה — tovat hana’a
The benefit of discretion — the owner’s right to choose which poor person or kohen receives the gift.
מִשְׁתָּרְשֵׁי לֵיהּ — mishtarshei leih
“It works out as gain for him” — he is spared money he would otherwise have paid, so the obligation is about his benefit, not a claimant’s suit.
אַנְפָּרוּת — anparot
A seizure for no reason (as opposed to seizure in payment of a debt).
נִכְסֵי כֹהֵן — nichsei kohen
“The property of a priest” — a legal label meaning he may trade with them and creditors may collect them, not that a court hands them over.
עֲזִיבָה / נְתִינָה — aziva / netina
“Leaving” versus “giving” — the two Torah verbs that decide whether a gift carries the benefit of discretion.
מַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן — maaser rishon
First tithe, ordinarily the Levite’s portion.
רֵאשִׁית הַגֵּז — reishit hagez
The first shearing of wool, owed to the kohen, with no “from the people” attached to its verse.
קַנְסִינְהוּ עֶזְרָא — kansinhu Ezra
“Ezra penalized them” — his decree stripping the Levites of the first tithe after they failed to return from Babylon.
תְּיוּבְתָּא — teyuvta
A conclusive refutation — an objection the Gemara cannot answer, that overturns a position.
El panorama general (leer esto primero)
Dos dictámenes de ayer siguen en pie, y todo el día de hoy es la Guemará arrojándoles pruebas,
una tras otra, para ver si ceden.
El primero es el de Rav Jisda: quien daña los dones sacerdotales, o se los come, no le debe
nada al cohén. Detrás de él hay una idea afilada — los dones son dinero que no tiene reclamante.
No hay nadie que pueda llevarte a juicio por ellos, y donde no hay demandante no hay demanda. La
parte alta de 131a le lanza tres casos (una era confiscada, una venta de entrañas, una lista de “la
propiedad del cohén”), y cada vez la Guemará muestra que el caso gira sobre otra cosa — beneficio,
integridad, o un uso técnico de la palabra “propiedad” — no sobre el poder de un cohén de demandar.
El segundo dictamen es el de Rav, y se apodera del daf. Un levita no dejaba de arrebatar los
dones, y la reacción de Rav revela una duda que nunca resolvió: ¿están los levitas incluidos en
“el pueblo” (am) del versículo “esto será el derecho de los sacerdotes de parte del pueblo”?
Si lo están, los dones pueden arrancárseles; si no, la Torá los eximió. Rav sencillamente no lo
sabe — así que deja en paz al levita, porque la carga de la prueba recae sobre quien quiera tomar.
El motor del daf es una sola palabra — am. Cada objeción que sigue en verdad pregunta: ¿acaso
esta baraíta supone en silencio que los levitas son “el pueblo” o que no lo son? Y cada respuesta
es la salida de emergencia de Rav — releer el caso para que jamás dependa de ese supuesto.
En medio de todo esto se asienta una gema autónoma: una baraíta que mapea cada don dejado a los
pobres — espigas caídas, la gavilla olvidada, la esquina, los granos de uva caídos, los racimos
defectuosos — frente al diezmo del pobre, y pregunta de cada uno si el dueño puede elegir a quién
dárselo. La respuesta gira sobre un único verbo hebreo en cada versículo: dejar frente a dar.
Conceptos y términos clave
Término
Significado
מַתְּנוֹת כְּהוּנָּה — matenot kehuná
Los dones sacerdotales; en este capítulo, los tres cortes de un animal no consagrado que se le deben al cohén.
La pata delantera, la quijada (con carrillos y lengua) y el cuajar — los tres dones mismos.
אִיקְּרוֹ “עַם” — ikru “am”
“¿Se los llama ‘el pueblo’?” — la cuestión no resuelta de si los levitas caen bajo “de parte del pueblo” y por tanto deben dar los dones.
טוֹבַת הֲנָאָה — tovat haná’a
El beneficio de la discreción — el derecho del dueño a elegir qué pobre o qué cohén recibe el don.
מִשְׁתָּרְשֵׁי לֵיהּ — mishtarshei leih
“Le resulta una ganancia” — se ahorra un dinero que de otro modo habría pagado, así que la obligación es sobre su beneficio, no sobre la demanda de un reclamante.
אַנְפָּרוּת — anparot
Una confiscación sin razón (a diferencia de una confiscación en pago de una deuda).
נִכְסֵי כֹהֵן — nijsei cohén
“La propiedad de un cohén” — una etiqueta legal que significa que puede comerciar con ellos y que los acreedores pueden cobrarlos, no que un tribunal los entregue.
עֲזִיבָה / נְתִינָה — azivá / netiná
“Dejar” frente a “dar” — los dos verbos de la Torá que deciden si un don lleva el beneficio de la discreción.
מַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן — maaser rishón
El primer diezmo, de ordinario la porción del levita.
רֵאשִׁית הַגֵּז — reshit haguez
El primer esquileo de la lana, debido al cohén, sin ningún “de parte del pueblo” adosado a su versículo.
קַנְסִינְהוּ עֶזְרָא — kansinhu Ezra
“Ezra los penalizó” — su decreto que despojó a los levitas del primer diezmo tras no haber regresado de Babilonia.
תְּיוּבְתָּא — teiuvtá
Una refutación concluyente — una objeción que la Guemará no puede responder y que derriba una postura.
התמונה הגדולה (לקרוא קודם)
שני פסקים מאתמול עדיין עומדים, וכל היום כולו הוא הגמרא מטיחה בהם מקורות, זה אחר זה, לראות אם ייכנעו.
הראשון הוא של רב חסדא: המזיק את מתנות הכהונה, או אוכלן, פטור מלשלם לכהן. מאחוריו רעיון חד —
המתנות הן ממון שאין לו תובעים. אין מי שיכול לגרור אותך לדין עליהן, ובמקום שאין תובע אין תביעה.
ראש קלא ע״א מטיח בכך שלושה מקרים (גורן שנתפסה, מכירת בני מעיים, ורשימה של ״נכסי כהן״), ובכל פעם
הגמרא מראה שהמקרה תלוי בדבר אחר — הנאה, שהמתנות בעין, או שימוש טכני במילה ״נכסים״ — ולא בכוחו של כהן
לתבוע.
הפסק השני הוא של רב, והוא משתלט על הדף. לוי אחד היה חוטף את המתנות, ותגובתו של רב חושפת ספק
שמעולם לא הכריע בו: האם הלוויים בכלל ״עַם״ של הפסוק ״זה יהיה משפט הכהנים מאת העם״? אם כן, אפשר
להוציא מהם את המתנות בכוח; אם לא, התורה פטרה אותם. רב פשוט אינו יודע — ולכן הוא מניח ללוי, שהרי
המוציא מחברו עליו הראיה.
מנועו של הדף הוא מילה אחת — עַם. כל קושיה שבאה אחריה שואלת באמת: האם הברייתא הזאת מניחה בשקט
שהלוויים ״עם״ או שאינם? וכל תירוץ הוא פתח המילוט של רב — לקרוא את המקרה מחדש כך שלעולם לא יישען על
ההנחה הזאת.
באמצע כל זה יושבת פנינה עצמאית: ברייתא הממפה כל מתנה הניתנת לעניים — לקט, שכחה, פאה, פרט ועוללות —
מול מעשר עני, ושואלת על כל אחת אם הבעלים רשאי לבחור למי לתת. התשובה תלויה בפועל עברי אחד בכל פסוק:
עזיבה מול נתינה.
מושגים ומונחים מרכזיים
מונח
פירוש
מַתְּנוֹת כְּהוּנָּה
המתנות הניתנות לכהן; בפרק זה שלושת החתכים של בהמת חולין החייבים לכהן.
הַזְּרוֹעַ וְהַלְּחָיַיִם וְהַקֵּבָה
הזרוע, הלחי (עם הלסתות והלשון) והקיבה — שלוש המתנות עצמן.
אִיקְּרוֹ ״עַם״
״האם נקראים ‘עם’?״ — השאלה הבלתי פתורה אם הלוויים בכלל ״מאת העם״ ולכן חייבים במתנות.
טוֹבַת הֲנָאָה
זכות הבעלים לבחור לאיזה עני או לאיזה כהן תינתן המתנה.
מִשְׁתָּרְשֵׁי לֵיהּ
״משתכר לו״ — נחסך לו ממון שהיה משלם ממילא, אז החיוב הוא על טובתו שלו, לא על תביעת בעל דין.
אַנְפָּרוּת
תפיסה שלא כדין (בניגוד לתפיסה בפירעון חוב).
נִכְסֵי כֹהֵן
״נכסי כהן״ — כינוי משפטי שמשמעו שהוא רשאי לסחור בהם ובעלי חוב גובים מהם, לא שבית דין מוסרם.
עֲזִיבָה / נְתִינָה
״עזיבה״ מול ״נתינה״ — שני הפעלים בתורה המכריעים אם מתנה נושאת טובת הנאה.
מַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן
חלקו הרגיל של הלוי.
רֵאשִׁית הַגֵּז
ראשית גז הצמר, חובה לכהן, שבפסוקה אין כלל ״מאת העם״.
קַנְסִינְהוּ עֶזְרָא
״קנסם עזרא״ — גזירתו ששללה מן הלוויים את המעשר הראשון על שלא עלו מבבל.
תְּיוּבְתָּא
קושיה שאין לגמרא עליה מענה, המפילה את השיטה.
🃏 FlashcardsTarjetasכרטיסיות
The terms above, one per card. Read the term, recall what it means on this daf, then turn the card over and say whether you had it. Whatever you flag comes back at the end in a shorter second round.Los términos de arriba, uno por tarjeta. Lee el término, recuerda qué significa en este daf, luego gira la tarjeta y di si lo sabías. Lo que marques vuelve al final en una segunda ronda, más corta.המונחים שלמעלה, אחד לכל כרטיס. קראו את המונח, נסו להיזכר מה משמעותו בדף הזה, ואז הפכו את הכרטיס ואמרו אם ידעתם. כל מה שתסמנו יחזור בסוף בסיבוב שני, קצר יותר.
Tip: click the card, then space flips it, ← → move, 1 / 2 rate it.Consejo: pulsa en la tarjeta; la barra espaciadora la gira, ← → navegan, 1 / 2 califican.טיפ: הקישו על הכרטיס; מקש הרווח הופך אותו, ← → מדפדפים, 1 / 2 מדרגים.
Who’s who in today’s daf
Babylonian Amoraim
- Rav — first-generation Amora, disciple of Rebbi in Eretz Yisrael, founder of the academy at Sura. The whole “are Levites am?” thread is his unresolved doubt.
- Rav Ḥisda — second/third-generation Amora of Sura, student of Rav. Author of the “no payment for damaging the gifts” ruling under fire here.
- Rav Pappa — fifth-generation Amora, student of Abaye and Rava, headed the academy at Naresh. Sits transmitting Rav’s teaching when Rav Idi objects.
- Rav Idi bar Avin — fourth/fifth-generation Amora, contemporary of Rav Pappa; presses the objection from the poor-gifts baraita.
- Mareimar — late Babylonian Amora of the Rav Ashi era; issues the closing halakhic ruling on both disputes.
- Rava — fourth-generation Amora of Meḥoza. Raises the objection to Ulla. (Not to be confused with Rabbahרבה; here the text is Ravaרבא.)
Eretz-Yisrael Amoraim
- Ulla (bar Yishmael) — third-generation Amora who traveled between Eretz Yisrael and Babylon; his practice of giving the gifts to a female priest closes the daf.
- Rabbi Ile’a (Ela) — Eretz-Yisrael Amora; supplies the gezeira shava obligating even a poor owner in the poor man’s tithe.
- Rabbi Levi — Eretz-Yisrael Amora and noted aggadist; reads “after you” as forgotten produce. (If this is a different R’ Levi I would not want to overstate; the identification as the aggadist is the usual one.)
Tannaim
- Rabbi Akiva — third-generation Tanna of Bnei Brak; holds first tithe goes to the Levite.
- Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya — second/third-generation Tanna; holds first tithe may go to the kohen as well.
- The school of Rabbi Yishmael — the study-hall of the third-generation Tanna R’ Yishmael; reads “you shall not go over the boughs” as “do not strip away all its splendor.”
Quién es quién en el daf de hoy
Amoraím babilónicos
- Rav — amorá de primera generación, discípulo de Rebbi en Erretz Israel, fundador de la academia de Sura. Todo el hilo de “¿son los levitas am?” es su duda no resuelta.
- Rav Jisda — amorá de segunda/tercera generación de Sura, alumno de Rav. Autor del dictamen “no hay pago por dañar los dones” que aquí está bajo fuego.
- Rav Papa — amorá de quinta generación, alumno de Abaie y Rava, encabezó la academia de Naresh. Está transmitiendo la enseñanza de Rav cuando Rav Idi objeta.
- Rav Idi bar Avín — amorá de cuarta/quinta generación, contemporáneo de Rav Papa; presiona la objeción desde la baraíta de los dones a los pobres.
- Mareimar — amorá babilónico tardío de la época de Rav Ashi; emite el dictamen halájico de cierre sobre ambas disputas.
- Rava — amorá de cuarta generación de Mejozá. Le plantea la objeción a Ulá. (No confundir con Rabáרבה; aquí el texto es Ravaרבא.)
Amoraím de Erretz Israel
- Ulá (bar Ishmael) — amorá de tercera generación que viajaba entre Erretz Israel y Babilonia; su práctica de dar los dones a una hija de cohén cierra el daf.
- Rabí Ile’a (Ela) — amorá de Erretz Israel; aporta la guezerá shavá que obliga incluso a un dueño pobre en el diezmo del pobre.
- Rabí Leví — amorá de Erretz Israel y célebre agadista; lee “después de ti” como fruto olvidado. (Si se tratara de otro R’ Leví no querría exagerar; la identificación con el agadista es la habitual.)
Tanaím
- Rabí Akivá — taná de tercera generación de Bnei Brak; sostiene que el primer diezmo va al levita.
- Rabí Elazar ben Azariá — taná de segunda/tercera generación; sostiene que el primer diezmo puede ir también al cohén.
- La escuela de Rabí Ishmael — la casa de estudio del taná de tercera generación R’ Ishmael; lee “no repases las ramas” como “no le quites todo su esplendor”.
מי ומי בדף של היום
אמוראי בבל
- רב — אמורא מן הדור הראשון, תלמיד רבי בארץ ישראל, מייסד ישיבת סורא. כל חוט ״האם הלוויים עַם?״ הוא ספקו הבלתי פתור.
- רב חסדא — אמורא מן הדור השני/שלישי בסורא, תלמיד רב. בעל הפסק ״אין תשלום על הזק המתנות״ שעומד כאן תחת אש.
- רב פפא — אמורא מן הדור החמישי, תלמיד אביי ורבא, עמד בראש ישיבת נרש. יושב ומוסר את דברי רב כשרב אידי מקשה.
- רב אידי בר אבין — אמורא מן הדור הרביעי/חמישי, בן דורו של רב פפא; דוחק את הקושיה מברייתת מתנות עניים.
- מרימר — אמורא בבלי מאוחר מתקופת רב אשי; מוציא את פסק ההלכה החותם על שתי המחלוקות.
- רבא — אמורא מן הדור הרביעי ממחוזא. מקשה על עולא. (לא להתבלבל עם רבה רבה; כאן הנוסח רבא רבא.)
אמוראי ארץ ישראל
- עולא (בר ישמעאל) — אמורא מן הדור השלישי שנדד בין ארץ ישראל לבבל; מנהגו לתת את המתנות לבת כהן חותם את הדף.
- רבי אילעא (אלא) — אמורא ארץ־ישראלי; מביא את הגזירה שווה המחייבת אף בעלים עני במעשר עני.
- רבי לוי — אמורא ארץ־ישראלי ואגדן נודע; דורש ״אחריך״ כפרי שנשכח. (אם זהו רבי לוי אחר לא הייתי רוצה להפריז; הזיהוי עם האגדן הוא המקובל.)
תנאים
- רבי עקיבא — תנא מן הדור השלישי מבני ברק; סובר שמעשר ראשון ללוי.
- רבי אלעזר בן עזריה — תנא מן הדור השני/שלישי; סובר שמעשר ראשון עשוי לילך אף לכהן.
- דבי רבי ישמעאל — בית מדרשו של התנא מן הדור השלישי ר’ ישמעאל; דורשים ״לא תפאר״ כ״אל תיטול תפארתו״.
The whole Vilna page as it is printed — Gemara in the middle, Rashi and Tosafot in the margins, Mesoras HaShas and Ein Mishpat down the sides. Open it full size to read it comfortably, and tap any line underneath it for the English of that passage.La página de Vilna completa, tal como está impresa — la Guemará en el centro, Rashi y Tosafot en los márgenes, Masoret HaShas y Ein Mishpat a los lados. Ábrela a tamaño completo para leerla con comodidad; debajo está su texto, pasaje por pasaje.דף וילנא כולו כפי שהוא מודפס — הגמרא באמצע, רש״י ותוספות בשוליים, מסורת הש״ס ועין משפט בצדדים. פתחו אותו בגודל מלא כדי לקרוא בנוחות; מתחתיו מופיע הטקסט שלו, קטע אחר קטע.
Line by line — tap one for its EnglishEl texto de la página, pasaje por pasajeטקסט הדף, קטע אחר קטע
the baraita is referring to a case where they came into the priest’s possession while they were still untithed, and this tanna holds that gifts that have not been separated are considered as though they have been separated. In such a case, the priest obtained rights to the ownerless gifts by seizing them first. Although when he seized the produce it was still untithed, the portion of the produce that is to be separated has the status of teruma. Accordingly, one who consumes such produce is required to pay the priest.
The Gemara further suggests: Come and hear another proof with regard to the statement of Rav Ḥisda from a baraita: In a case where the household of the king seized one’s threshing floor by force, if they took it as payment of his debt owed to the king, then he is obligated to tithe other grain in accordance with the amount he would have tithed before the grain was seized. Since he was already obligated to tithe the grain before it was seized, it is considered as though the grain was sold in an untithed state. If they took it without reason [anparot], then he is exempt from tithing. The fact that one is required to tithe grain seized as payment of a debt indicates that the tithe is considered money that has claimants, from which it follows that a priest may extract payment of the tithe from him. Again, this apparently contradicts the statement of Rav Ḥisda.
The Gemara rejects this proof: It is different there, since if one is not required to tithe grain seized as payment of a debt, this would mean that the seizure causes benefit for him, as he will be exempt from tithing grain that he was previously obligated to tithe. It is for this reason that the baraita rules that one must tithe other grain instead of the seized grain, not because a priest could have issued a claim against him in court.
The Gemara suggests: Come and hear a proof from a mishna (132a): If an Israelite says to a butcher: Sell me the innards of a particular cow, and there were gifts of the priesthood included with it, i.e., the maw, that were not yet given to the priest, the purchaser must give them to the priest, and the butcher may not deduct the value of the gifts from the money that the purchaser pays him, as it is assumed that the gifts were not included in the sale. If he purchased the innards from the butcher by weight, the purchaser must give the gifts to the priest, and the butcher deducts the value of the gifts from the money that the Israelite pays him.
The Gemara asks: Why must the buyer give the maw to the priest? Let the butcher’s sale of the maw be considered like a case where one causes damage to gifts of the priesthood or consumes them, with regard to which Rav Ḥisda states that one is exempt from payment. This mishna apparently contradicts Rav Ḥisda’s statement. The Gemara rejects this: It is different there, as the gifts are intact, i.e., they are distinct items in their own right. In such a case, the gifts must be given to the priest. By contrast, Rav Ḥisda is discussing cases in which the gifts are not distinguishable objects at the time.
The Gemara suggests: Come and hear another proof: Nine items are the property of a priest: Teruma, teruma of the tithe, ḥalla, the portion of dough given to the priest, the first sheared wool, gifts of the priesthood, doubtfully tithed produce [demai], first fruits, the principal value of the property of a convert, and the additional one-fifth. The two are paid to the priest in a case where the property of a convert was stolen and the thief took an oath that he did not steal it, and after the convert died the thief admitted to taking a false oath.
The Gemara explains the proof: With regard to what matter are these items considered the property of a priest? Is it not with regard to extracting them with judges, which would contradict the opinion of Rav Ḥisda? The Gemara responds: No, it is with regard to that which we learned in a mishna (Bikkurim 3:12): To what end did they say that these items are the property of a priest? It means that a priest may purchase with them slaves and lands and a non-kosher animal; and a lender takes them as payment of his debt; and if the wife of a priest is divorced from him, she takes them as payment of her marriage contract; and a priest may purchase a Torah scroll with them.
new sugyaThe Gemara relates: There was a certain Levite who would snatch gifts of the priesthood from children who were delivering them to the priests on their fathers’ behalf. They came and told Rav about this Levite. Rav said to them: Is it not enough that when he slaughters his own animals we do not take the gifts of the priesthood from him, but he also snatches gifts that are being delivered to priests?
Rav’s comment indicates that in his opinion there are grounds to take the gifts from Levites, but nevertheless they are not taken. The Gemara asks: And what does Rav maintain in this regard? If he maintains that Levites are called part of the “people,” then let one take the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw from them as well, as the verse states: “From the people, from them that perform a slaughter, whether it be ox or sheep, they shall give to the priest the foreleg, and the jaw, and the maw” (Deuteronomy 18:3). And if they are not called part of the people, then the Merciful One has exempted them from giving those gifts, and there would be no grounds to take the gifts from them.
The Gemara responds: Rav is uncertain whether or not they are called part of the people. Therefore, he exempts the Levites from giving their own gifts, in accordance with the principle that the burden of proof rests upon the claimant.
The Gemara relates that Rav Pappa was sitting and saying this halakha in the name of Rav. Rav Idi bar Avin raised an objection to Rav Pappa from a baraita, with regard to the uncertainty of Rav: Four gifts are left to the poor from the produce of a vineyard: The individual fallen grapes [peret], and the incompletely formed clusters of grapes [olelot], and the forgotten clusters, and pe’a. And three gifts are left to the poor from grain: The gleanings, i.e., sheaves that fell during the harvest, and the forgotten sheaves, and the pe’a. Two gifts are left to the poor from the fruit of a tree: The forgotten fruits and the pe’a.
The baraita elaborates: With regard to all of these gifts, the owner of the produce does not have the benefit of discretion. This is the benefit accrued from giving a gift to an individual of one’s choice, e.g., giving teruma or tithes to whichever priest or Levite that one chooses. Instead, poor person who takes possession of these gifts becomes their rightful owner. And even a poor person of Israel who owns a vineyard, field, or tree must leave these gifts for all other poor people; and if he does not do so, the court removes them from his possession.
By contrast, with regard to the poor man’s tithe, which is distributed from within one’s house, unlike other gifts to the poor that are left in the field for them to take, the owner has the benefit of discretion. And even in the case of a poor person in Israel, if he fails to separate the poor man’s tithe from his produce, the court removes it from his possession. And with regard to other gifts of the priesthood, such as the foreleg, and the jaw, and the maw, the court does not remove them, neither from a priest to give to another priest, nor from a Levite to give to another Levite.
Before Rav Idi bar Avin explains his objection, the Gemara cites the sources for the halakhot of the baraita: The baraita teaches that four gifts are left to the poor from the produce of a vineyard: The peret, and the olelot, and the forgotten clusters, and the pe’a, as it is written: “And you shall not glean [te’olel] your vineyard, neither shall you gather the fallen fruit [peret] of your vineyard; you shall leave them for the poor and for the stranger” (Leviticus 19:10).
And it is also written: “When you gather the grapes of your vineyard, you shall not glean it [te’olel] after you; it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow” (Deuteronomy 24:21). And Rabbi Levi says that with regard to the term “after you,” this is a reference to forgotten clusters, as the halakha is that clusters that were passed over by the harvester have the status of forgotten clusters, whereas those that remain in front of him do not have that status.
The halakha that the mitzva of pe’a applies to one’s vineyard is derived by a verbal analogy between the term “after you” in that verse and the term “after you” from another verse concerning an olive tree. As it is written: “When you beat your olive tree, you shall not go over the boughs [tefa’er] after you; it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow” (Deuteronomy 24:20); and the school of Rabbi Yishmael taught that the term “You shall not go over the boughs” means that you should not take all of its splendor [tiferet] from it; rather, you should leave a portion of the olives for the poor. So too, one must leave a portion of one’s vineyard as pe’a for the poor.
The Gemara continues: The baraita teaches that three gifts are left to the poor from grain: The gleanings,
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and the forgotten sheaves, and the pe’a. As it is written: “And when you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not wholly reap the corner of [pe’at] your field, neither shall you gather the gleaning of your harvest; you shall leave them for the poor, and for the stranger” (Leviticus 23:22). And it is also written: “When you reap your harvest in your field and have forgotten a sheaf in the field, you shall not go back to fetch it; it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow” (Deuteronomy 24:19).
The baraita taught that two gifts are left to the poor from the produce of a tree: The forgotten fruits and the pe’a, as it is written: “When you beat your olive tree, you shall not go over the boughs [tefa’er] after you; it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow” (Deuteronomy 24:20), and the school of Rabbi Yishmael taught that the phrase: “You shall not go over the boughs,” means that you should not take all of its splendor [tiferet] from it; rather, you should leave a portion of the olives for the poor as pe’a. Additionally, when the verse states: “After you,” this is a reference to forgotten fruits.
The Gemara continues its analysis of the baraita. And with regard to all of the gifts left to the poor, the owner of the produce does not have the benefit of discretion, i.e., the right to distribute the gifts to poor people of his choosing. Instead, any poor person who takes possession of these gifts becomes their rightful owner. What is the reason for this halakha? It is because the requirement of leaving is written with regard to them, e.g., in the verse that states: “You shall leave them” (Leviticus 23:22).
The baraita also stated: And even a poor person of Israel who owns a vineyard, field, or tree must leave these gifts for all poor people, and if he does not, the court removes them from his possession. This is derived from a verse, as it is written: “Neither the gleaning of your harvest shall you gather; for the poor you shall leave them, and for the stranger” (Leviticus 23:22). Since the verse juxtaposes the words “the poor” to the mitzva in the previous clause, this serves to warn a poor person that he must also separate these gifts from his own produce.
And the baraita teaches with regard to the poor man’s tithe that is distributed from within his house that the owner has the benefit of discretion. The Gemara asks: What is the reason for this halakha? It is because the requirement of giving is written with regard to it, as the verse states: “When you have made an end of tithing all the tithe of your increase in the third year, which is the year of tithing, and you shall give it to the Levite, to the stranger, to the fatherless, and to the widow, that they may eat within your gates, and be satisfied” (Deuteronomy 26:12). Consequently, in this case it is not left for the poor but is actively given to them.
The baraita states: And even in the case of a poor person in Israel, if he fails to separate the poor man’s tithe from his produce, the court removes it from his possession. The Gemara explains that this is as Rabbi Ile’a said: This is derived from a verbal analogy between the term “to the stranger” stated with regard to the poor man’s tithe in the verse cited previously, and the term “to the stranger” from there, the mitzva to leave gleanings for the poor. Just as there, with regard to the mitzva to leave gleanings, a poor person is warned that he must leave gleanings from the produce of his own fields, so too here, with regard to the mitzva to separate the poor man’s tithe, a poor person is warned to separate it from his own fields.
The baraita taught: And with regard to other gifts of the priesthood, such as the foreleg, and the jaw, and the maw, the court does not remove them, neither from a priest to give to another priest nor from a Levite to give to another Levite. Rav Idi bar Avin now explains his objection: It may be inferred that the court does remove the gifts from a Levite to give to a priest. Evidently, Levites are called part of the “people.” Accordingly, since the verse states: “And this shall be the priests’ due from the people” (Deuteronomy 18:3), the gifts of the priesthood may be removed from the possession of Levites. Why, then, was Rav uncertain with regard to their status?
The Gemara responds: The baraita is not referring to the actual gifts of the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw themselves. Rather, it is referring to a gift that is like the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw, but not the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw themselves. And what is this? It is the first tithe.
The Gemara asks: But the first tithe is given to the Levite. Why would it be removed from his possession? The Gemara responds: The baraita is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya, as it is taught in another baraita: Teruma is given to the priest, whereas the first tithe is given to the Levite; this is the statement of Rabbi Akiva. Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya says: The first tithe is given to the priest as well, despite the fact that the Torah states that it is given to the Levite, as priests are often called Levites in the Torah.
The Gemara asks: Say that Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya said that the first tithe is given to the priest as well; but did he say that it is given exclusively to the priest and not to the Levite? The Gemara responds: Yes; although generally the first tithe is not removed from the possession of a Levite and given to a priest, the baraita is referring to first tithe in the period after Ezra penalized the Levites for their unwillingness to return to Eretz Yisrael from Babylonia, as he decreed that they should no longer be given the first tithe.
The Gemara persists: One can say that Ezra penalized them and decreed that we should not give them first tithe, but did he say that first tithe should even be taken from them and given to the priests? Rather, explain instead that the baraita is referring to a gift that is like the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw, but is not actually the foreleg, the jaw, or the maw. And what is this? It is the first sheared wool, with regard to which the verse states: “And the first of the fleece of your sheep, you shall give him” (Deuteronomy 18:4). Since the verse does not state that the first fleece is taken from the “people,” even Levites are obligated to give their first shearing to the priest, and it may be removed from their possession to that end.
The Gemara suggests: Come and hear a proof with regard to the uncertainty of Rav from a baraita. This is the principle: With regard to any item that is of sanctity, i.e., that may not be consumed by a non-priest, such as teruma, and teruma of the tithe, and ḥalla, the court removes it from the possession of a Levite in order to give it to the priests. And with regard to any item that is not of sanctity, such as the foreleg, and the jaw, and the maw, which are given from a non-sacred animal, the court does not remove it from the possession of the Levites to give to the priests. Evidently, Levites are not called part of the “people,” and therefore they are exempt from giving the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw.
The Gemara rejects this proof: The baraita is referring to a gift that is like the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw, but is not actually the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw themselves. And what is this? It is first tithe, and the baraita is dealing with first tithe in the period after Ezra penalized the Levites and decreed that the first tithe should be given to the priests rather than the Levites. Nevertheless, if a Levite received the first tithe it may not be removed from his possession, since this penalty was not included in Ezra’s decree.
The Gemara further suggests: Come and hear a proof from a baraita: An Israelite who slaughters an animal for a priest or for a gentile is exempt from giving the gifts, as priests and gentiles are exempt from this obligation. The Gemara infers: This indicates that if an Israelite slaughtered an animal for a Levite or for an Israelite, he is obligated to give the gifts, and they may be removed from his possession to that end. Evidently, Levites are called part of the “people,” and Rav should not have been uncertain with regard to their status. The Gemara rejects this proof: Do not say that one should infer that if an Israelite slaughtered an animal for a Levite or for an Israelite he is obligated to give the gifts. Rather, say merely that if an Israelite slaughtered an animal for another Israelite, he is obligated to give the gifts.
The Gemara asks: But if so, when one slaughters an animal for a Levite, what is the halakha? Is one exempt? If so, let the baraitateach: One who slaughters an animal for a Levite or for a gentile is exempt from giving the gifts, and it would be obvious that this is also the halakha when one slaughters for a priest. And furthermore, isn’t it taught explicitly in a baraita that one who slaughters for a priest or for a gentile is exempt from giving the gifts, whereas one who slaughters for a Levite or for an Israelite is obligated to give the gifts? This baraita apparently constitutes a conclusive refutation of the uncertainty of Rav.
The Gemara responds: Rav could say to you that although this baraita is in fact contrary to his opinion, the question of whether or not Levites are called part of the “people” is a dispute between tanna’im. As it is taught in a baraita that the verse states with regard to the Yom Kippur Temple service: “And he shall make atonement for the most holy place, and he shall make atonement for the Tent of Meeting and for the altar; and he shall make atonement for the priests and for all the people of the assembly” (Leviticus 16:33). The baraita explains: “And he shall make atonement for the most holy place”; this is referring to the innermost sanctum, i.e., the bull and goat offerings brought on Yom Kippur atone for ritual impurity occurring inside the Holy of Holies.
The baraita continues: “Tent of Meeting”; this is referring to the Sanctuary, i.e., the offerings atone for impurity occurring inside the Sanctuary. “Altar”; this is understood in accordance with its plain meaning, i.e., the offerings atone for one who performs sacrificial rites on the altar in a state of ritual impurity. “He shall make atonement”; this is referring to the Temple courtyards, i.e., the offerings atone for impurity occurring there. “For the priests”; this is understood in accordance with its plain meaning, indicating that the offerings atone for a priest who unwittingly enters the courtyard while impure. “And for all the people of the assembly”; these are the Israelites. “He shall make atonement”; this is referring to the Levites.
And it is taught in anotherbaraita: “He shall make atonement”; this is referring to Canaanite slaves in the possession of Jews. These slaves are obligated in certain mitzvot and are therefore in need of atonement. The Gemara analyzes these sources: Why doesn’t the tanna of this baraita interpret the term “He shall make atonement” as a reference to Levites? What, is it not that they disagree about this, as one Sage, the tanna of the second baraita, holds that Levites are called part of the “people” and are therefore included in the clause “the people of the assembly,” and consequently, the term “he shall make atonement” is not required to include the Levites but instead serves to include Canaanite slaves. And by contrast, one Sage, the tanna of the first baraita, holds that they are not called part of the “people,” which means that the term “He shall make atonement” is required to include Levites.
The Gemara asks: But if this is a dispute between tanna’im, why is Rav uncertain with regard to the status of Levites? If he holds in accordance with this tanna, let him say that the halakha is in accordance with him, and if he holds in accordance with that tanna, let him say that the halakha is in accordance with him. The Gemara responds: Rav is uncertain whether the halakha is in accordance with this tanna or in accordance with that tanna.
Mareimar taught: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rav that it is uncertain whether or not Levites are called part of the “people.” Consequently, the court may not compel Levites to give the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw to the priests. And the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rav Ḥisda, who said that one who damages or consumes gifts of the priesthood is exempt from payment.
new sugyaWith regard to the gifts of the priesthood, the Gemara relates that Ulla would give gifts of the priesthood to a female priest, i.e., the daughter of a priest, even if she was married to an Israelite. Rava raised an objection to the practice of Ulla from a baraita: The remainder of a meal offering of a female priest is consumed, just like the remainder of the meal offering of an Israelite. But the remainder of a meal offering of a priest is not consumed, as the verse states: “And every meal offering of the priest shall be wholly made to smoke; it shall not be eaten” (Leviticus 6:16).
Rava explains his objection: And if you say that one may give gifts of a priest even to a female priest, because when the verse mentions a priest it is referring even to the daughter of a priest, but isn’t it written: “And every meal offering of the priest shall be wholly made to smoke; it shall not be eaten”? Why, then, is the remainder of a meal offering of the daughter of a priest consumed? Ulla said to him in response: My teacher,
The daf laid out as it is printed: the Gemara in the middle, Rashi on the inner margin and Tosafot on the outer one. Nothing here was written by us.El daf con la disposición de la página impresa: la Guemará en el centro, Rashi en el margen interior y Tosafot en el exterior. Nada de esto fue escrito por nosotros.הדף בעימוד שבו הוא מודפס: הגמרא באמצע, רש״י בשוליים הפנימיים ותוספות בחיצוניים. שום דבר כאן לא נכתב על ידינו.
דאתו לידיה בטבלייהו וקסבר האי תנא מתנות שלא הורמו כמי שהורמו דמיין — ומשעת הרמה ואילך היינו מכי אתו לידיה אפילו בטבלייהו וא"ת אמאי לא משני דפשטא דברייתא דקתני פטור מן התשלומין היינו דאתו ליד כהן בטבלייהו וקסבר האי תנא מתנות שלא הורמו לאו כמי שהורמו דמיין ומש"ה פטור דאין לו לכהן אלא משעת הרמה ממש והוה ניחא טפי דהוי לשון הרמה דוקא וי"ל דאי הוה מוקי לה הכי אז לא היה חדוש הדיוק כלל הא משעת הרמה ואילך משלם דהא פשיטא דמשלם כיון דאתו ליד כהן והורמו אבל השתא עיקר הברייתא משמיענו דמזיק מתנות כהונה או שאכלן פטור ודיוקא קמ"ל דאע"ג דאתו לידיה בטבלייהו חייב דכמי שהורמו דמיין:
the baraita is referring to a case where they came into the priest’s possession while they were still untithed, and this tanna holds that gifts that have not been separated are considered as though they have been separated. In such a case, the priest obtained rights to the ownerless gifts by seizing them first. Although when he seized the produce it was still untithed, the portion of the produce that is to be separated has the status of teruma. Accordingly, one who consumes such produce is required to pay the priest.
דאתו לידיה — דכהן:
בטבלייהו — שהופקד הטבל אצלו:
כמי שהורמו דמיין — זכה בהם מן ההפקר שהרי קדם. ל"א שמסר לו את הטבל לזכות בתרומה שבו:
The Gemara further suggests: Come and hear another proof with regard to the statement of Rav Ḥisda from a baraita: In a case where the household of the king seized one’s threshing floor by force, if they took it as payment of his debt owed to the king, then he is obligated to tithe other grain in accordance with the amount he would have tithed before the grain was seized. Since he was already obligated to tithe the grain before it was seized, it is considered as though the grain was sold in an untithed state. If they took it without reason [anparot], then he is exempt from tithing. The fact that one is required to tithe grain seized as payment of a debt indicates that the tithe is considered money that has claimants, from which it follows that a priest may extract payment of the tithe from him. Again, this apparently contradicts the statement of Rav Ḥisda.
אם בחובו — שהיה חייב לו דבר קצוב ממון:
חייב לעשר — ממקום אחר וליתן לכהן שהרי הוא כמוכר:
ואם באנפרות — בהפסד ועל חנם פטור מלעשר. קתני מיהת אם בחובו חייב לעשר אלמא יש לו תובעין דאי לאו דינא הוא שישלם לו על כרחו מאי חיוב מצוה איכא הא לא פש גביה מידי:
שאני התם דקא משתרשי ליה — דבמקום זה הניח לו המלך שאר ממון ואם תאמר מתנות כהונה כשאכלם משתרשי ליה שבמקום זה לא אכל דבר אחר ואמאי פטור וי"ל דלא דמי לאנסו בית המלך גרנו דתחתיהן לא לקח משלו אבל באכלו אפשר דלא משתרשי ליה שהיה מתענה:
שָׁאנֵי הָתָם, דְּקָא מִשְׁתָּרְשִׁי לֵיהּ.
The Gemara rejects this proof: It is different there, since if one is not required to tithe grain seized as payment of a debt, this would mean that the seizure causes benefit for him, as he will be exempt from tithing grain that he was previously obligated to tithe. It is for this reason that the baraita rules that one must tithe other grain instead of the seized grain, not because a priest could have issued a claim against him in court.
שאני התם דקא משתרשי ליה — התם לאו בהוצאה בדיינין תנן בה אלא חיובא בעלמא כשאר חיובי מעשרות וחיובא ודאי איכא עליה דהא משתרשי ליה כלומר משתכר הוא בה שהרי היה צריך לפרוע מעות:
The Gemara suggests: Come and hear a proof from a mishna (132a): If an Israelite says to a butcher: Sell me the innards of a particular cow, and there were gifts of the priesthood included with it, i.e., the maw, that were not yet given to the priest, the purchaser must give them to the priest, and the butcher may not deduct the value of the gifts from the money that the purchaser pays him, as it is assumed that the gifts were not included in the sale. If he purchased the innards from the butcher by weight, the purchaser must give the gifts to the priest, and the butcher deducts the value of the gifts from the money that the Israelite pays him.
א"ל — לטבח:
מכור לי בני מעיה — בני מעיה של פרה זו:
והיו בהן מתנות — הקבה:
נותנן: לוקח זה לכהן:
ואין — המוכר מנכה לו ללוקח מן הדמים שהרי היה יודע הלוקח שהמתנות שם וזה לא מכר לו הקבה:
לקח הימנו במשקל — הליטרא כך וכך ושקל לו הקבה:
נותנן — לו לוקח לכהן שהרי הגזל אצלו וצריך להשיב:
והטבח ינכה לו מן הדמים — על כרחו שמכר דבר שאינו שלו:
The Gemara asks: Why must the buyer give the maw to the priest? Let the butcher’s sale of the maw be considered like a case where one causes damage to gifts of the priesthood or consumes them, with regard to which Rav Ḥisda states that one is exempt from payment. This mishna apparently contradicts Rav Ḥisda’s statement. The Gemara rejects this: It is different there, as the gifts are intact, i.e., they are distinct items in their own right. In such a case, the gifts must be given to the priest. By contrast, Rav Ḥisda is discussing cases in which the gifts are not distinguishable objects at the time.
ואמאי — נותנן לכהן ליהוי כמזיק כו':
הכי גרסי' בפי' ר"ח שבעה נכסי כהן — ולא חשיב הכא כל כ"ד מתנות כהונה דחשיב לקמן בפירקין (חולין דף קלג:) דלא חשיב הכא אלא הנך דאסורים לזרים והם ממון כהן והא דחשיב מתנות אע"פ שמותרות לזרים משום דטבלי ודמו לתרומה כדאמר לקמן (חולין קלב:) אע"ג דלית הלכתא הכי היינו דלא הוי כאוכל טבלים אבל מ"מ איסורא איכא לאכול מבהמה שלא הורמה מתנותיה א"נ לא חשיב אלא מידי דבר אכילה והא דלא חשיב בכור משום דאכתי לאו בר אכילה הוא שצריך שחיטה:
The Gemara suggests: Come and hear another proof: Nine items are the property of a priest: Teruma, teruma of the tithe, ḥalla, the portion of dough given to the priest, the first sheared wool, gifts of the priesthood, doubtfully tithed produce [demai], first fruits, the principal value of the property of a convert, and the additional one-fifth. The two are paid to the priest in a case where the property of a convert was stolen and the thief took an oath that he did not steal it, and after the convert died the thief admitted to taking a false oath.
תשעה נכסי כהן — לא ידעתי היכן שנויה ובספרים אינה כתובה בשוה ומוצא אני ט"ו מתנות כהונה שכולן נכסי כהן לעשות בהן כל צרכיו התרומה ותרומת מעשר ותרומת מעשר של דמאי והחלה והבכורים וראשית הגז ומתנות של חולין ושל קדשים והקרן והחומש של גזל הגר ושדה אחוזה ושדה חרמים ובכור בעל מום ופדיון הבן ופדיון פטר חמור ונראה בעיני שכולן שנוים בה וחשיב תרומה ותרומת מעשר והדמאי וחלה כחדא דכולהו תרומה נינהו ובכור ופדיון הבן ופדיון פטר חמור כחדא וקרן וחומש דגזל הגר חדא וכולהו הנך מתנה לכהן הן ולקמן בפירקין (חולין דף קלג:) חשיב כל כ"ד מתנות כהונה. הגוזל את הגר ונשבע לו ומת הגר ואח"כ הודה ונשבע לשקר דאמר רחמנא ואם אין לאיש גואל וגו' וכי יש לך אדם בישראל שאין לו גואלים אלא זהו גר שמת ואין לו יורשין וכתיב האשם המושב לה' לכהן ותניא בפרק הגוזל בב"ק (דף קי.) האשם זה קרן המושב זה חומש דגבי נשבע לשקר בפקדון או בגזל כתיב ביה חומש בין בגוזל חבירו בפרשת ויקרא בין בגזל הגר בפרשת נשא:
The Gemara explains the proof: With regard to what matter are these items considered the property of a priest? Is it not with regard to extracting them with judges, which would contradict the opinion of Rav Ḥisda? The Gemara responds: No, it is with regard to that which we learned in a mishna (Bikkurim 3:12): To what end did they say that these items are the property of a priest? It means that a priest may purchase with them slaves and lands and a non-kosher animal; and a lender takes them as payment of his debt; and if the wife of a priest is divorced from him, she takes them as payment of her marriage contract; and a priest may purchase a Torah scroll with them.
למה אמרו — למאי הלכתא:
וס"ת — אע"פ שאינו לאכילה ולא לדבר שיבא לידי אכילה. ולבי מגמגם למאי תנייה הואיל ותנא דאפי' בהמה טמאה לוקח מהן:
new sugyaThe Gemara relates: There was a certain Levite who would snatch gifts of the priesthood from children who were delivering them to the priests on their fathers’ behalf. They came and told Rav about this Levite. Rav said to them: Is it not enough that when he slaughters his own animals we do not take the gifts of the priesthood from him, but he also snatches gifts that are being delivered to priests?
Rav’s comment indicates that in his opinion there are grounds to take the gifts from Levites, but nevertheless they are not taken. The Gemara asks: And what does Rav maintain in this regard? If he maintains that Levites are called part of the “people,” then let one take the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw from them as well, as the verse states: “From the people, from them that perform a slaughter, whether it be ox or sheep, they shall give to the priest the foreleg, and the jaw, and the maw” (Deuteronomy 18:3). And if they are not called part of the people, then the Merciful One has exempted them from giving those gifts, and there would be no grounds to take the gifts from them.
ורב — מאי דעתיה דאמר לא מסתייה דלא שקלינן מיניה דמשמע שהיינו יכולין לכופו לכך ונמנעין אנו:
The Gemara responds: Rav is uncertain whether or not they are called part of the people. Therefore, he exempts the Levites from giving their own gifts, in accordance with the principle that the burden of proof rests upon the claimant.
אי איקרו עם לשקול מיניה — דהא מאת העם מאת זובחי הזבח כתיב (דברים יח) ואי לא איקרו עם רחמנא פטריה ומאי טיבותא עבדינן גבייהו:
מספקא ליה — לרב ומשום ספיקא פטר ליה דהמוציא מחבירו עליו הראיה:
The Gemara relates that Rav Pappa was sitting and saying this halakha in the name of Rav. Rav Idi bar Avin raised an objection to Rav Pappa from a baraita, with regard to the uncertainty of Rav: Four gifts are left to the poor from the produce of a vineyard: The individual fallen grapes [peret], and the incompletely formed clusters of grapes [olelot], and the forgotten clusters, and pe’a. And three gifts are left to the poor from grain: The gleanings, i.e., sheaves that fell during the harvest, and the forgotten sheaves, and the pe’a. Two gifts are left to the poor from the fruit of a tree: The forgotten fruits and the pe’a.
להא שמעתא — דרב דמספקא ליה:
ד' מתנות עניים — הנוהגות בכרם ואלו הן:
הפרט והעוללות — כדכתיב (ויקרא יט) וכרמך לא תעולל ופרט כרמך לא תלקט ובמס' פאה (פ"ז מ"ד) מפורש איזו היא עוללות כל שאין לה לא כתף ולא נטף:
והשכחה והפאה — כולהו יליף לקמן. פרט ענבים הנושרין בשעת בצירה:
The baraita elaborates: With regard to all of these gifts, the owner of the produce does not have the benefit of discretion. This is the benefit accrued from giving a gift to an individual of one’s choice, e.g., giving teruma or tithes to whichever priest or Levite that one chooses. Instead, poor person who takes possession of these gifts becomes their rightful owner. And even a poor person of Israel who owns a vineyard, field, or tree must leave these gifts for all other poor people; and if he does not do so, the court removes them from his possession.
אין בהן טובת הנאה לבעלים — אין בידם לתתן לכל מי שירצו אלא כל הקודם זכה ולקמיה מפרש טעמא:
מוציאין את שלו מידו — אם היה לו כרם או תבואה או אילן כופין אותו ליתן. אבל מעשר עני הואיל ומתחלק בתוך הבית לאחר שהכניס תבואתו לבית:
מעשר עני המתחלק בתוך הבית — דוקא נקט המתחלק בתוך הבית דשני דיני מעשר הם אחד מתחלק תוך הבית ואחד מתחלק בתוך הגרנות כדמשמע בפ"ב דנדרים (דף פד:) ואותו המתחלק תוך הגרנות אין לבעלים בו טובת הנאה אלא באותו המתחלק בתוך הבית ובספרי מפרש להו מקראי כתוב אחד אומר מקצה שלש שנים תוציא את כל מעשר תבואתך והנחת אלמא צריך להניחו בגורן ובאין עניים ונוטלין אותו וכתוב אחד אומר כי תכלה לעשר וגו' ונתת ללוי וגו' אלמא בתוך הבית מחלקו מדכתיב והנחת הא כיצד עד הפסח שהוא זמן גשמים ואם מניחו בחוץ נפסד מחלקו בתוך ביתו וזה מעשר עני המתחלק בתוך הבית מכאן ואילך שהוא ימי הקיץ מניחו בחוץ בגרנות ועניים באים ונוטלין אותו:
יש בו טובת הנאה לבעלים — נראה דדבר שיש בו טובת הנאה לבעלים אפילו בא עני ולקחו מוציאין מידו ודבר שאין בו טובת הנאה לבעלים לקחו אין מוציאין מידו ומיהו אם לא לקחו ובא עני ושאלו ממנו אם ירצה לא יתן לו דקרי ליה לעיל ממון שאין לו תובעין ואם היה צריך ליתנו לתובעו א"כ הוי יש לו תובעין:
By contrast, with regard to the poor man’s tithe, which is distributed from within one’s house, unlike other gifts to the poor that are left in the field for them to take, the owner has the benefit of discretion. And even in the case of a poor person in Israel, if he fails to separate the poor man’s tithe from his produce, the court removes it from his possession. And with regard to other gifts of the priesthood, such as the foreleg, and the jaw, and the maw, the court does not remove them, neither from a priest to give to another priest, nor from a Levite to give to another Levite.
יש בהן טובת הנאה לבעלים — שבידו לתתן לאיזה עני שירצה וחבירו אומר לו הילך סלע זה ותן כל מעשרותיך לקרובי עני והיינו טובת הנאה דבר מועט:
Before Rav Idi bar Avin explains his objection, the Gemara cites the sources for the halakhot of the baraita: The baraita teaches that four gifts are left to the poor from the produce of a vineyard: The peret, and the olelot, and the forgotten clusters, and the pe’a, as it is written: “And you shall not glean [te’olel] your vineyard, neither shall you gather the fallen fruit [peret] of your vineyard; you shall leave them for the poor and for the stranger” (Leviticus 19:10).
And it is also written: “When you gather the grapes of your vineyard, you shall not glean it [te’olel] after you; it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow” (Deuteronomy 24:21). And Rabbi Levi says that with regard to the term “after you,” this is a reference to forgotten clusters, as the halakha is that clusters that were passed over by the harvester have the status of forgotten clusters, whereas those that remain in front of him do not have that status.
אחריך זו שכחה — שאינה אלא מאחריו כדתנן (פאה פ"ו מ"ד) שלפניו אינו שכחה שלאחריו שכחה זה הכלל כל שהוא בבל תשוב שכחה שאינו בבל תשוב אינו שכחה. פאה בכרם גמר אחריך אחריך מזית דכתיב ביה לא תפאר אחריך. ותנא דבי רבי ישמעאל שלא תטול תפארתו הימנו כלומר לא תטול כל פארו לשון (איוב לא) ובכל תבואתי תשרש דמשמע עקירה ולשון (דברים כה) ויזנב בך נטל את זנבך. אשפי"ר בלע"ז והיינו שלא תטול פאה:
גמר אחריך אחריך מזית — ואע"ג דאצטריכו למכתב ולא הוי מופנה גלוי מילתא בעלמא הוא דכמו שיש בזה אחריך פאה ה"נ יש בזה אחריך פאה ולאו ג"ש ממש היא אי נמי מדכתיב שכחה בלשון אחריך ש"מ לג"ש אתא וצ"ע למה לא גמרינן בג"ש דאחריך דלהוי פרט בזית כמו בכרם ונהי דלענין עוללות לא אפשר למילף באילן דלא שייך ביה איזהו עוללות כל שאין לו לא כתף ולא נטף:
The halakha that the mitzva of pe’a applies to one’s vineyard is derived by a verbal analogy between the term “after you” in that verse and the term “after you” from another verse concerning an olive tree. As it is written: “When you beat your olive tree, you shall not go over the boughs [tefa’er] after you; it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow” (Deuteronomy 24:20); and the school of Rabbi Yishmael taught that the term “You shall not go over the boughs” means that you should not take all of its splendor [tiferet] from it; rather, you should leave a portion of the olives for the poor. So too, one must leave a portion of one’s vineyard as pe’a for the poor.
שְׁלֹשָׁה שֶׁבַּתְּבוּאָה: הַלֶּקֶט,
The Gemara continues: The baraita teaches that three gifts are left to the poor from grain: The gleanings,
and the forgotten sheaves, and the pe’a. As it is written: “And when you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not wholly reap the corner of [pe’at] your field, neither shall you gather the gleaning of your harvest; you shall leave them for the poor, and for the stranger” (Leviticus 23:22). And it is also written: “When you reap your harvest in your field and have forgotten a sheaf in the field, you shall not go back to fetch it; it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow” (Deuteronomy 24:19).
The baraita taught that two gifts are left to the poor from the produce of a tree: The forgotten fruits and the pe’a, as it is written: “When you beat your olive tree, you shall not go over the boughs [tefa’er] after you; it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow” (Deuteronomy 24:20), and the school of Rabbi Yishmael taught that the phrase: “You shall not go over the boughs,” means that you should not take all of its splendor [tiferet] from it; rather, you should leave a portion of the olives for the poor as pe’a. Additionally, when the verse states: “After you,” this is a reference to forgotten fruits.
כולהו עזיבה כתיבא בהו — שצריך להניח שם בהפקר ולא שיחלקם. הנך דכתיב בהו תעזוב הרי עזיבה והנך נמי כתיב בהו יהיה היינו בעזיבה דמשמע בהוייתו יהא דלא כתיבא בהו נתינה:
The Gemara continues its analysis of the baraita. And with regard to all of the gifts left to the poor, the owner of the produce does not have the benefit of discretion, i.e., the right to distribute the gifts to poor people of his choosing. Instead, any poor person who takes possession of these gifts becomes their rightful owner. What is the reason for this halakha? It is because the requirement of leaving is written with regard to them, e.g., in the verse that states: “You shall leave them” (Leviticus 23:22).
לא תלקט לעני ולגר וגו' — ומשמע לא תלקט אני מזהיר לעני:
The baraita also stated: And even a poor person of Israel who owns a vineyard, field, or tree must leave these gifts for all poor people, and if he does not, the court removes them from his possession. This is derived from a verse, as it is written: “Neither the gleaning of your harvest shall you gather; for the poor you shall leave them, and for the stranger” (Leviticus 23:22). Since the verse juxtaposes the words “the poor” to the mitzva in the previous clause, this serves to warn a poor person that he must also separate these gifts from his own produce.
And the baraita teaches with regard to the poor man’s tithe that is distributed from within his house that the owner has the benefit of discretion. The Gemara asks: What is the reason for this halakha? It is because the requirement of giving is written with regard to it, as the verse states: “When you have made an end of tithing all the tithe of your increase in the third year, which is the year of tithing, and you shall give it to the Levite, to the stranger, to the fatherless, and to the widow, that they may eat within your gates, and be satisfied” (Deuteronomy 26:12). Consequently, in this case it is not left for the poor but is actively given to them.
The baraita states: And even in the case of a poor person in Israel, if he fails to separate the poor man’s tithe from his produce, the court removes it from his possession. The Gemara explains that this is as Rabbi Ile’a said: This is derived from a verbal analogy between the term “to the stranger” stated with regard to the poor man’s tithe in the verse cited previously, and the term “to the stranger” from there, the mitzva to leave gleanings for the poor. Just as there, with regard to the mitzva to leave gleanings, a poor person is warned that he must leave gleanings from the produce of his own fields, so too here, with regard to the mitzva to separate the poor man’s tithe, a poor person is warned to separate it from his own fields.
הא מלוי לכהן מוציאין אלמא — דלוים איקרו עם ואמאי מוציאין אי מספקא ליה לרב אי איקרו עם אי לא:
The baraita taught: And with regard to other gifts of the priesthood, such as the foreleg, and the jaw, and the maw, the court does not remove them, neither from a priest to give to another priest nor from a Levite to give to another Levite. Rav Idi bar Avin now explains his objection: It may be inferred that the court does remove the gifts from a Levite to give to a priest. Evidently, Levites are called part of the “people.” Accordingly, since the verse states: “And this shall be the priests’ due from the people” (Deuteronomy 18:3), the gifts of the priesthood may be removed from the possession of Levites. Why, then, was Rav uncertain with regard to their status?
ומתרץ כגון הזרוע ולא זרוע — כלומר אשאר מתנות כהונה שהן מתנה לכהן בזו קאמר דמוציאין ולא זרוע עצמה דילמא לא מיקרו עם:
The Gemara responds: The baraita is not referring to the actual gifts of the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw themselves. Rather, it is referring to a gift that is like the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw, but not the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw themselves. And what is this? It is the first tithe.
ופריך מעשר ראשון דלוי הוא — ואמאי מוציאין אותו מידו לתתו לכהן:
אף לכהן — דבכ"ד מקומות נקראו כהנים לוים הלכך אע"ג דבמעשר ראשון לוי כתיבא ביה כהנים נמי משתמעי:
The Gemara asks: But the first tithe is given to the Levite. Why would it be removed from his possession? The Gemara responds: The baraita is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya, as it is taught in another baraita: Teruma is given to the priest, whereas the first tithe is given to the Levite; this is the statement of Rabbi Akiva. Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya says: The first tithe is given to the priest as well, despite the fact that the Torah states that it is given to the Levite, as priests are often called Levites in the Torah.
וקמסיים מילתיה אימר דאמר כו':
בתר דקנסינהו עזרא — ביבמות (דף פו:) אמר מפני מה קנסו לוים במעשר מפני שלא עלו בימי עזרא דכתיב ואבינה בעם ובכהנים ומבני לוי לא מצאתי שם. אבל מקרא מפורש לא מצאתי שקנסם אבל דוגמא יש לדבר שכתוב בעזרא בסופו (נחמיה י) והיה הכהן בן אהרן עם הלוים במעשר הלוים למדנו שלא האמינום על תרומת מעשר ולא היו חולקין להן מעשר בגורן אלא (דקנסינהו) בפני הכהנים:
The Gemara asks: Say that Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya said that the first tithe is given to the priest as well; but did he say that it is given exclusively to the priest and not to the Levite? The Gemara responds: Yes; although generally the first tithe is not removed from the possession of a Levite and given to a priest, the baraita is referring to first tithe in the period after Ezra penalized the Levites for their unwillingness to return to Eretz Yisrael from Babylonia, as he decreed that they should no longer be given the first tithe.
ומהדר אימר דקנסינהו כו' משקל נמי מינייהו מי אמר — בתמיה. אכתי הדרא אתקפתא לדוכתיה הא מלוי לכהן מוציאין:
אלא הכי תריץ כגון הזרוע — מוציאין מלוי לכהן ולא זרוע עצמו. ומאי ניהו כגון זרוע ראשית הגז דהתם לא כתיב עם ואי נמי לא איקרו עם מחייבי:
The Gemara persists: One can say that Ezra penalized them and decreed that we should not give them first tithe, but did he say that first tithe should even be taken from them and given to the priests? Rather, explain instead that the baraita is referring to a gift that is like the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw, but is not actually the foreleg, the jaw, or the maw. And what is this? It is the first sheared wool, with regard to which the verse states: “And the first of the fleece of your sheep, you shall give him” (Deuteronomy 18:4). Since the verse does not state that the first fleece is taken from the “people,” even Levites are obligated to give their first shearing to the priest, and it may be removed from their possession to that end.
כל דבר שבקדושה — שאסור לזרים כגון תרומה וכיוצא בהן מוציאין מיד לוי לכהן:
ושאין בה משום קדושה כגון הזרוע כו' — שבאין מבהמות של חולין אין מוציאין מיד לוי לכהן. אלמא פשיטא לן דלא איקרו עם ואמאי מספקא ליה לרב:
The Gemara suggests: Come and hear a proof with regard to the uncertainty of Rav from a baraita. This is the principle: With regard to any item that is of sanctity, i.e., that may not be consumed by a non-priest, such as teruma, and teruma of the tithe, and ḥalla, the court removes it from the possession of a Levite in order to give it to the priests. And with regard to any item that is not of sanctity, such as the foreleg, and the jaw, and the maw, which are given from a non-sacred animal, the court does not remove it from the possession of the Levites to give to the priests. Evidently, Levites are not called part of the “people,” and therefore they are exempt from giving the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw.
כגון זרוע ולא זרוע — דזרוע מוציאין דאיקרו עם והאי דקתני דאין מוציאין במעשר ראשון קאמר ובתר דקנסינהו עזרא ואיצטריך ליה לאשמועינן דאע"ג דקנסינהו עזרא דלא למיתני להו דידהו מיהא לא שקלינן מינייהו:
The Gemara rejects this proof: The baraita is referring to a gift that is like the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw, but is not actually the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw themselves. And what is this? It is first tithe, and the baraita is dealing with first tithe in the period after Ezra penalized the Levites and decreed that the first tithe should be given to the priests rather than the Levites. Nevertheless, if a Levite received the first tithe it may not be removed from his possession, since this penalty was not included in Ezra’s decree.
השוחט לכהן — להכי נקט השוחט לכהן דעליה דטבח רמיא דכתיב (דברים יח) מאת זובחי הזבח:
The Gemara further suggests: Come and hear a proof from a baraita: An Israelite who slaughters an animal for a priest or for a gentile is exempt from giving the gifts, as priests and gentiles are exempt from this obligation. The Gemara infers: This indicates that if an Israelite slaughtered an animal for a Levite or for an Israelite, he is obligated to give the gifts, and they may be removed from his possession to that end. Evidently, Levites are called part of the “people,” and Rav should not have been uncertain with regard to their status. The Gemara rejects this proof: Do not say that one should infer that if an Israelite slaughtered an animal for a Levite or for an Israelite he is obligated to give the gifts. Rather, say merely that if an Israelite slaughtered an animal for another Israelite, he is obligated to give the gifts.
The Gemara asks: But if so, when one slaughters an animal for a Levite, what is the halakha? Is one exempt? If so, let the baraitateach: One who slaughters an animal for a Levite or for a gentile is exempt from giving the gifts, and it would be obvious that this is also the halakha when one slaughters for a priest. And furthermore, isn’t it taught explicitly in a baraita that one who slaughters for a priest or for a gentile is exempt from giving the gifts, whereas one who slaughters for a Levite or for an Israelite is obligated to give the gifts? This baraita apparently constitutes a conclusive refutation of the uncertainty of Rav.
וכפר את מקדש הקדש — בעבודת יום הכפורים:
לפני ולפנים — מכפרת עבודה זו על הטומאה שאירעה בפנים דפר ושעיר של יוה"כ מכפרים על טומאת מקדש וקדשיו כדאמרינן בשבועות (דף ב.):
The Gemara responds: Rav could say to you that although this baraita is in fact contrary to his opinion, the question of whether or not Levites are called part of the “people” is a dispute between tanna’im. As it is taught in a baraita that the verse states with regard to the Yom Kippur Temple service: “And he shall make atonement for the most holy place, and he shall make atonement for the Tent of Meeting and for the altar; and he shall make atonement for the priests and for all the people of the assembly” (Leviticus 16:33). The baraita explains: “And he shall make atonement for the most holy place”; this is referring to the innermost sanctum, i.e., the bull and goat offerings brought on Yom Kippur atone for ritual impurity occurring inside the Holy of Holies.
מזבח כמשמעו — על מי שעבד בטומאה במזבח בלא חיוב מקדש כגון נטמא במקדש דעבד בלא שהייה דאין כאן טומאת מקדש דהיכא דנטמא בעזרה קי"ל בשבועות (דף טז.) הלכה למשה מסיני דלא מחייב עד שישהה כדי השתחואה:
יכפר אלו העזרות — על טומאה שאירעה בעזרה על הכהנים ששגגו ונכנסו טמאים לעזרה. וכן לוים וישראלים ועבדים קראי יתירי קדריש:
The baraita continues: “Tent of Meeting”; this is referring to the Sanctuary, i.e., the offerings atone for impurity occurring inside the Sanctuary. “Altar”; this is understood in accordance with its plain meaning, i.e., the offerings atone for one who performs sacrificial rites on the altar in a state of ritual impurity. “He shall make atonement”; this is referring to the Temple courtyards, i.e., the offerings atone for impurity occurring there. “For the priests”; this is understood in accordance with its plain meaning, indicating that the offerings atone for a priest who unwittingly enters the courtyard while impure. “And for all the people of the assembly”; these are the Israelites. “He shall make atonement”; this is referring to the Levites.
עבדים — כנענים דאינהו נמי בעי כפרה דכל מצות שהאשה חייבת בהן עבד חייב בהן וכל מקום דכתיב עונש איש ואשה שוין:
דמר סבר איקרו עם — והוו בכלל עם הקהל הילכך וכפר יתירא אעבדים אתא:
And it is taught in anotherbaraita: “He shall make atonement”; this is referring to Canaanite slaves in the possession of Jews. These slaves are obligated in certain mitzvot and are therefore in need of atonement. The Gemara analyzes these sources: Why doesn’t the tanna of this baraita interpret the term “He shall make atonement” as a reference to Levites? What, is it not that they disagree about this, as one Sage, the tanna of the second baraita, holds that Levites are called part of the “people” and are therefore included in the clause “the people of the assembly,” and consequently, the term “he shall make atonement” is not required to include the Levites but instead serves to include Canaanite slaves. And by contrast, one Sage, the tanna of the first baraita, holds that they are not called part of the “people,” which means that the term “He shall make atonement” is required to include Levites.
The Gemara asks: But if this is a dispute between tanna’im, why is Rav uncertain with regard to the status of Levites? If he holds in accordance with this tanna, let him say that the halakha is in accordance with him, and if he holds in accordance with that tanna, let him say that the halakha is in accordance with him. The Gemara responds: Rav is uncertain whether the halakha is in accordance with this tanna or in accordance with that tanna.
Mareimar taught: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rav that it is uncertain whether or not Levites are called part of the “people.” Consequently, the court may not compel Levites to give the foreleg, the jaw, and the maw to the priests. And the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rav Ḥisda, who said that one who damages or consumes gifts of the priesthood is exempt from payment.
לכהנת — בת כהן אפילו אשת איש דכיון דקדושה לית להו דאינן אסורים לזרים הרי מותרת בהן ולא דמי לתרומה ואי משום ונתן לכהן (ויקרא כב) קסבר אפילו כהנת משמע:
מנחת כהנת נאכלת — השיריים כמנחת ישראל:
מנחת כהן אינה נאכלת — דכולה כליל דכתיב (שם ו) כליל תהיה:
new sugyaWith regard to the gifts of the priesthood, the Gemara relates that Ulla would give gifts of the priesthood to a female priest, i.e., the daughter of a priest, even if she was married to an Israelite. Rava raised an objection to the practice of Ulla from a baraita: The remainder of a meal offering of a female priest is consumed, just like the remainder of the meal offering of an Israelite. But the remainder of a meal offering of a priest is not consumed, as the verse states: “And every meal offering of the priest shall be wholly made to smoke; it shall not be eaten” (Leviticus 6:16).
Rava explains his objection: And if you say that one may give gifts of a priest even to a female priest, because when the verse mentions a priest it is referring even to the daughter of a priest, but isn’t it written: “And every meal offering of the priest shall be wholly made to smoke; it shall not be eaten”? Why, then, is the remainder of a meal offering of the daughter of a priest consumed? Ulla said to him in response: My teacher,
The Vilna page served by shas.org, one PDF per amud.La página de Vilna servida por shas.org, un PDF por amud.דף וילנא מוגש על ידי shas.org, קובץ PDF אחד לכל עמוד.
Text from Sefaria. Gemara and translation from the William Davidson Talmud, with commentary by Rabbi Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz, CC BY-NC 4.0. Rashi and Tosafot are the Vilna edition, public domain.Texto de Sefaria. La Guemará y su traducción provienen del Talmud William Davidson, con comentario del rabino Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz (traducción al inglés), CC BY-NC 4.0. Rashi y Tosafot son de la edición de Vilna, de dominio público.הטקסט מתוך ספריא. הגמרא והתרגום מתוך תלמוד ויליאם דוידסון, עם פירושו של הרב עדין אבן־ישראל שטיינזלץ (התרגום לאנגלית), CC BY-NC 4.0. רש״י ותוספות הם ממהדורת וילנא, נחלת הכלל.
Walking through the sugya, step by step
131a — three cases thrown at Rav Ḥisda
Picking up from 130b. A baraita had a kohen who receives produce while it is still tevel
(untithed) and acquires it; the daf explains this holds that gifts not yet separated are treated
as if already separated (mattanot shelo hurmu k’mi shehurmu), so the priest’s portion already
has the status of teruma.
First objection.Ta shema — the king’s household seized a man’s threshing floor. If for a
debt he owed the crown, he must tithe replacement grain (the seizure is like a sale of untithed
produce); if for no reason (anparot), he is exempt. That the debt-case obliges him seems to
prove the tithe is “money with claimants” — against Rav Ḥisda.
The answer. It is different there, because it simply gains him money (mishtarshei leih):
were he exempt, he would pocket the value of grain he was already bound to tithe. The obligation is
about his windfall, not a kohen’s right to sue.
Second objection.Ta shema from the mishna (132a): “Sell me a cow’s innards,” and the maw
(a gift) was among them — the buyer must give it to the kohen and the seller may not deduct its
value. Why? Let it count as damaging or eating the gifts, which Rav Ḥisda exempts! The
answer: it is different there, because the gifts are intact (b’einaihu) — a distinct object
sitting in front of you, which of course must be handed over. Rav Ḥisda spoke of gifts no longer
identifiable as such.
Third objection.Ta shema — a baraita lists nine items that are “the property of a priest”
(nichsei kohen): teruma, teruma of the tithe, ḥalla, the first shearing, the gifts, demai, first
fruits, and the principal and the added fifth. Is “property” not about extracting them through
judges? No — it is the sense of Bikkurim 3:12: a kohen may buy slaves, land, or a
non-kosher animal with them, a creditor collects them for a debt, a wife for her marriage contract,
and he may buy a Torah scroll. “Property” describes what he can do with them, not a court order.
The snatching Levite, and Rav’s doubt. A certain Levite kept grabbing the gifts from children
carrying them to the priests. Rav’s retort — “isn’t it enough that we don’t take the gifts from
him, and he snatches too?!” — implies there might be grounds to take them. The Gemara sharpens it:
if Levites are “the people,” take the gifts from them; if not, the Torah exempted them — either
way there is no in-between. The resolution: Rav is genuinely uncertain (mesapka leih), and
under doubt the one who would take bears the burden of proof, so the Levite is left alone.
Rav Idi’s objection — the gifts to the poor. Rav Pappa was transmitting Rav’s doubt when Rav
Idi bar Avin objected from a baraita that catalogues the poor’s gifts: four in a vineyard —
fallen grapes (peret), defective clusters (olelot), the forgotten cluster, and the corner
(pe’a); three in grain — gleanings (leket), the forgotten sheaf, and pe’a; two on a
tree — the forgotten fruit and pe’a. For all of these the owner has no benefit of discretion,
and even a poor Israelite who owns the field is forced by the court to leave them. The daf then
lays out the verse for each (Leviticus 19:10; the “after you” of Deuteronomy 24:20–21; the school
of R’ Yishmael on the olive) — the objection itself waits for 131b.
131b — the objection lands, and Rav answers “it’s a machloket”
Why no discretion, and why the tithe is different. For the field-gifts the verse writes
“leaving” (aziva) — you abandon them where they lie — so no choosing. But the poor man’s
tithe split at home writes “giving” (netina) — “and you shall give it” — an act the owner
controls, so it does carry the benefit of discretion. And a poor owner is still bound by both, by
the “for the poor” of the gleaning verse and R’ Ile’a’s gezeira shava on “to the stranger.”
Now the objection bites. The baraita ended: the gifts “are not taken from a Levite for a
Levite.” By inference, from a Levite for a kohen they are — so Levites are “the people,” and
Rav should not be in doubt!
Rav’s escape — “like the foreleg but not the foreleg.” The baraita’s “gift” is not the actual
foreleg-jaw-maw but first tithe (maaser rishon). — But first tithe is the Levite’s! — It
follows Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya, who says first tithe may go to the kohen. — But he said “as
well,” not “to the kohen and not the Levite”! — Yes: after Ezra penalized the Levites for not
returning from Babylon. — But Ezra only decreed don’t give it to them, not take it from them!
— Rather, the case is reishit hagez, the first shearing, whose verse never says “from the
people,” so even a Levite owes it. Each retreat keeps the ruling off the word am.
Two more ta shema’s, same move. A baraita’s principle — items of sanctity (teruma, ḥalla)
are taken from a Levite, items without sanctity (foreleg, jaw, maw) are not — seems to prove
Levites are not “the people”; answered again as first tithe after Ezra. Then: “one who slaughters
for a kohen or a gentile is exempt from the gifts,” and an explicit parallel baraita reads “for
a Levite or an Israelite — obligated.” That one the Gemara cannot deflect: a conclusive
refutation of Rav (teyuvta).
Rav’s last word — it is a tannaitic dispute. The Yom Kippur atonement verse (Leviticus 16:33)
is expounded clause by clause; one baraita reads a spare “he shall atone” as the Levites,
another reads it as Canaanite slaves. The difference: does the first tanna already fold Levites
into “the people of the assembly” (yes — am), leaving the spare word for slaves; or not (no —
am), needing the spare word for Levites? Rav is uncertain which tanna the halakha follows —
so his doubt stands even against the “refutation.”
The closing ruling and Ulla.Mareimar rules: the halakha is like Rav (the Levites’
status stays in doubt, so the gifts are not forced from them) and like Rav Ḥisda (no payment
for damaging the gifts). Finally, Ulla would give the gifts to a female priest (kohenet) —
the daughter of a kohen, even married to an Israelite. Rava objected: the remainder of her
meal-offering is eaten, but a kohen’s is wholly burnt — so “kohen” excludes his daughter; how then
can she receive the gifts? Ulla’s reply — “My teacher…” — spills over into 132a.
The distinctions, side by side
The poor-gifts baraita is the daf’s cleanest grid: three classes of gift, each tested for whether
the owner may choose the recipient, whether a court forces even a poor owner, and which verb the
Torah used.
Gift
Owner’s discretion?
Court forces even a poor owner?
Deciding word / status
Field-gifts to the poor — leket, shichecha, pe’a, peret, olelot
No — first-come acquires
Yes
“leaving” (aziva) is written
Poor man’s tithe (maaser ani), split at home
Yes
Yes
“giving” (netina) is written
Priestly gifts — foreleg, jaw, maw
(owner gives whom he wishes)
Not taken kohen↔kohen or Levi↔Levi
rests on the doubt — is a Levite “am”?
One line to carry with you
When you cannot prove who owes, you cannot make them pay: Rav leaves the Levite’s gifts and
Rav Ḥisda leaves the damager’s debt for the same reason — no claimant with standing means no
claim the court will hear.
Recorriendo la suguiá, paso a paso
131a — tres casos arrojados a Rav Jisda
Retomando desde 130b. Una baraíta tenía un cohén que recibe producto mientras todavía es tével
(sin diezmar) y lo adquiere; el daf explica que esto sostiene que los dones aún no separados se
tratan como si ya estuvieran separados (matanot sheló hurmu kemí shehurmu), de modo que la
porción del cohén ya tiene el estatus de trumá.
Primera objeción.Ta shemá — la casa del rey confiscó la era de un hombre. Si por una
deuda que le debía a la corona, debe diezmar grano de reemplazo (la confiscación es como una venta
de producto sin diezmar); si sin razón (anparot), está exento. Que el caso de la deuda lo
obligue parece probar que el diezmo es “dinero con reclamantes” — contra Rav Jisda.
La respuesta. Allí es distinto, porque sencillamente le resulta una ganancia (mishtarshei
leih): si estuviera exento, se embolsaría el valor del grano que ya estaba obligado a diezmar. La
obligación es sobre su ganancia inesperada, no sobre el derecho de un cohén a demandar.
Segunda objeción.Ta shemá desde la mishná (132a): “Véndeme las entrañas de una vaca”, y el
cuajar (un don) estaba entre ellas — el comprador debe dárselo al cohén y el vendedor no puede
descontar su valor. ¿Por qué? ¡Que cuente como dañar o comer los dones, que Rav Jisda exime!
La respuesta: allí es distinto, porque los dones están intactos (be’einaihu) — un objeto
distinto sentado ante ti, que por supuesto debe entregarse. Rav Jisda habló de dones que ya no son
identificables como tales.
Tercera objeción.Ta shemá — una baraíta enumera nueve cosas que son “la propiedad de un
cohén” (nijsei cohén): trumá, trumá del diezmo, jalá, el primer esquileo, los dones, demai, las
primicias, y el capital y el quinto añadido. ¿No es “propiedad” acaso el extraerlos mediante
jueces? No — es el sentido de Bikurim 3:12: un cohén puede comprar con ellos esclavos,
tierra o un animal no kósher, un acreedor los cobra por una deuda, una esposa por su ketubá, y él
puede comprar un rollo de la Torá. “Propiedad” describe lo que puede hacer con ellos, no una orden
de un tribunal.
El levita que arrebata, y la duda de Rav. Cierto levita no dejaba de arrebatarles los dones a
los niños que los llevaban a los cohanim. La réplica de Rav — “¡¿no basta con que no le tomamos los
dones a él, y encima arrebata?!” — implica que podría haber fundamento para tomárselos. La Guemará
lo afina: si los levitas son “el pueblo”, tómenles los dones; si no, la Torá los eximió — de
cualquier modo no hay término medio. La resolución: Rav está genuinamente inseguro
(mesapka leih), y bajo duda quien quiera tomar carga con la prueba, así que al levita se lo deja
en paz.
La objeción de Rav Idi — los dones a los pobres. Rav Papa estaba transmitiendo la duda de Rav
cuando Rav Idi bar Avín objetó desde una baraíta que cataloga los dones del pobre: cuatro en una
viña — granos caídos (péret), racimos defectuosos (olelot), el racimo olvidado y la esquina
(peá); tres en el grano — espigas (léket), la gavilla olvidada y peá; dos en un árbol —
el fruto olvidado y peá. Para todos ellos el dueño no tiene beneficio de discreción, y hasta un
israelita pobre que posee el campo es forzado por el tribunal a dejarlos. El daf entonces expone el
versículo de cada uno (Levítico 19:10; el “después de ti” de Deuteronomio 24:20–21; la escuela de
R’ Ishmael sobre el olivo) — la objeción misma espera hasta 131b.
131b — la objeción golpea, y Rav responde “es una majloket”
Por qué no hay discreción, y por qué el diezmo es distinto. Para los dones del campo el
versículo escribe “dejar” (azivá) — los abandonas donde yacen — así que no hay elección. Pero
el diezmo del pobre repartido en casa escribe “dar” (netiná) — “y darás” — un acto que el
dueño controla, así que sí lleva el beneficio de la discreción. Y un dueño pobre sigue obligado por
ambos, por el “para el pobre” del versículo de las espigas y por la guezerá shavá de R’ Ile’a sobre
“al extranjero”.
Ahora la objeción muerde. La baraíta terminaba: los dones “no se toman de un levita para un
levita”. Por inferencia, de un levita para un cohénsí se toman — así que los levitas son “el
pueblo”, ¡y Rav no debería estar en duda!
La salida de Rav — “como la pata delantera pero no la pata delantera”. El “don” de la baraíta no
es la pata-quijada-cuajar real sino el primer diezmo (maaser rishón). — ¡Pero el primer diezmo
es del levita! — Sigue a Rabí Elazar ben Azariá, que dice que el primer diezmo puede ir al
cohén. — ¡Pero él dijo “también”, no “al cohén y no al levita”! — Sí: después de que Ezra
penalizó a los levitas por no regresar de Babilonia. — ¡Pero Ezra solo decretó no darlo a ellos,
no tomárselo! — Más bien, el caso es reshit haguez, el primer esquileo, cuyo versículo
nunca dice “de parte del pueblo”, así que hasta un levita lo debe. Cada retroceso mantiene el
dictamen alejado de la palabra am.
Dos ta shemá más, la misma movida. El principio de una baraíta — las cosas de santidad
(trumá, jalá) se toman de un levita, las cosas sin santidad (pata, quijada, cuajar) no — parece
probar que los levitas no son “el pueblo”; se responde otra vez como primer diezmo tras Ezra.
Luego: “quien faena para un cohén o un gentil está exento de los dones”, y una baraíta paralela
explícita lee “para un levita o un israelita — obligado”. Esa la Guemará no puede desviarla: una
refutación concluyente de Rav (teiuvtá).
La última palabra de Rav — es una disputa tanaítica. El versículo de la expiación de Iom Kipur
(Levítico 16:33) se expone cláusula por cláusula; una baraíta lee un “expiará” sobrante como los
levitas, otra lo lee como esclavos cananeos. La diferencia: ¿acaso el primer taná ya pliega a
los levitas dentro de “el pueblo de la asamblea” (sí — am), dejando la palabra sobrante para los
esclavos; o no (no — am), necesitando la palabra sobrante para los levitas? Rav está inseguro de
qué taná sigue la halajá — así que su duda se mantiene aun frente a la “refutación”.
El dictamen de cierre y Ulá.Mareimar dictamina: la halajá es como Rav (el estatus de
los levitas queda en duda, así que los dones no se les fuerzan) y como Rav Jisda (no hay pago
por dañar los dones). Finalmente, Ulá daría los dones a una hija de cohén (cohénet) — la
hija de un cohén, incluso casada con un israelita. Rava objetó: el resto de su ofrenda de
harina se come, pero la de un cohén se quema por entero — así que “cohén” excluye a su hija; ¿cómo
puede entonces recibir los dones? La réplica de Ulá — “Mi maestro…” — se derrama hacia 132a.
Las distinciones, lado a lado
La baraíta de los dones a los pobres es la grilla más limpia del daf: tres clases de don, cada una
puesta a prueba sobre si el dueño puede elegir al receptor, si un tribunal fuerza aun a un dueño
pobre, y qué verbo usó la Torá.
Don
¿Discreción del dueño?
¿El tribunal fuerza aun a un dueño pobre?
Palabra / estatus decisivo
Dones del campo a los pobres — léket, shijejá, peá, péret, olelot
No — el primero en tomar adquiere
Sí
está escrito “dejar” (azivá)
Diezmo del pobre (maaser aní), repartido en casa
Sí
Sí
está escrito “dar” (netiná)
Dones sacerdotales — pata, quijada, cuajar
(el dueño da a quien quiere)
No se toman cohén↔cohén ni leví↔leví
descansa sobre la duda — ¿es un levita “am”?
Una línea para llevarte
Cuando no puedes probar quién debe, no puedes hacerlo pagar: Rav deja los dones del levita y Rav
Jisda deja la deuda del que daña por la misma razón — sin un reclamante con legitimación no hay
reclamo que el tribunal vaya a escuchar.
עוברים על הסוגיה, צעד אחר צעד
קלא ע״א — שלושה מקרים מוטחים ברב חסדא
ממשיכים מקלב ע״ב שקדם. ברייתא דיברה בכהן המקבל פירות בעודם טבל וקונה אותם; הדף מסביר שזה סובר
שמתנות שלא הורמו כמי שהורמו, ולכן חלק הכהן כבר בדין תרומה.
קושיה ראשונה.תא שמע — בית המלך תפס גורנו של אדם. אם בחוב שחייב למלכות, חייב לעשר תבואה
תחתיה (התפיסה כמכר של טבל); אם באנפרות (שלא כדין), פטור. שחיוב מקרה החוב נראה כמוכיח שהמעשר
״ממון שיש לו תובעים״ — נגד רב חסדא.
התירוץ. שם שונה, משום שמשתרשי ליה (משתכר): אילו נפטר, היה נהנה מממון תבואה שכבר היה חייב לעשר.
החיוב הוא על הנאתו שלו, לא על זכות כהן לתבוע.
קושיה שנייה.תא שמע מן המשנה (קלב ע״א): ״מכור לי בני מעיה של פרה״, והקיבה (מתנה) הייתה
בכללם — הלוקח נותנה לכהן ואין המוכר מנכה דמיה. למה? שייחשב כמזיק או כאוכל את המתנות, שרב חסדא
פוטר! התירוץ: שם שונה, משום שהמתנות בעינייהו — חפץ מסוים היושב לפניך, שבוודאי יש למוסרו. רב
חסדא דיבר במתנות שכבר אינן ניכרות ככאלה.
קושיה שלישית.תא שמע — ברייתא מונה תשעה דברים שהם ״נכסי כהן״: תרומה, תרומת מעשר, חלה,
ראשית הגז, המתנות, דמאי, ביכורים, והקרן והחומש. וכי אין ״נכסים״ עניין להוציאם על ידי דיינים?
לא — זה כמשמעו בביכורים ג׳:י״ב: כהן קונה בהם עבדים, קרקעות ובהמה טמאה, בעל חוב גובה בהם, אשה
לכתובתה, ולוקח בהם ספר תורה. ״נכסים״ מתאר מה הוא רשאי לעשות בהם, לא צו של בית דין.
הלוי החוטף, וספקו של רב. לוי אחד היה חוטף את המתנות מן התינוקות שנשאום לכהנים. תגובת רב — ״לא
דיינו שאין אנו נוטלים את המתנות ממנו, ועוד חוטף?!״ — מלמדת שאולי יש יסוד ליטלן. הגמרא מחדדת: אם
הלוויים ״עם״, טלו מהם; ואם לא, התורה פטרתם — ואין דרך ביניים. ההכרעה: רב מסתפק באמת, ובספק
המוציא מחברו עליו הראיה, ולכן מניחים ללוי.
קושיית רב אידי — המתנות לעניים. רב פפא היה מוסר את ספקו של רב כשרב אידי בר אבין הקשה מברייתא
המונה את מתנות העניים: ארבע בכרם — פרט, עוללות, האשכול הנשכח, ופאה; שלוש בתבואה — לקט,
שכחה, ופאה; שתיים באילן — פרי שנשכח, ופאה. בכולן אין לבעלים טובת הנאה, ואף ישראל עני שהשדה
שלו נכפה בבית דין להניחן. הדף מביא את הפסוק של כל אחת (ויקרא י״ט:י׳; ״אחריך״ שבדברים כ״ד:כ׳–כ״א;
דבי ר’ ישמעאל על הזית) — הקושיה עצמה ממתינה לקלא ע״ב.
קלא ע״ב — הקושיה נוחתת, ורב משיב ״מחלוקת היא״
מדוע אין טובת הנאה, ומדוע המעשר שונה. במתנות השדה כתוב ״עזיבה״ — עוזבן במקומן — ולכן אין
בחירה. אך מעשר עני המתחלק בבית כתוב בו ״נתינה״ — ״ונתת״ — מעשה שהבעלים שולט בו, ולכן יש בו
טובת הנאה. ובעלים עני חייב עדיין בשניהם, מ״לעני״ שבפסוק הלקט ומגזירה שווה של ר’ אילעא על ״לגר״.
עכשיו הקושיה נושכת. הברייתא סיימה: אין נוטלים את המתנות ״מלוי בשביל לוי״. מכלל שמלוי בשביל
כהןנוטלים — אז הלוויים כן ״עם״, ואל לרב להסתפק!
פתח המילוט של רב — ״כזרוע ולא זרוע״. ה״מתנה״ שבברייתא אינה הזרוע־לחי־קיבה ממש אלא מעשר ראשון.
— אבל מעשר ראשון של הלוי הוא! — כרבי אלעזר בן עזריה, שאומר מעשר ראשון עשוי לילך לכהן. — אבל
הוא אמר ״אף״, לא ״לכהן ולא ללוי״! — כן: לאחר שקנסם עזרא ללוויים על שלא עלו מבבל. — אבל עזרא רק
גזר אל תתנו להם, לא ליטול מהם! — אלא, המקרה הוא ראשית הגז, שבפסוקה לא נאמר ״מאת העם״
כלל, ולכן אף לוי חייב בה. כל נסיגה מרחיקה את הפסק מן המילה עַם.
עוד שני ״תא שמע״, אותו מהלך. כלל של ברייתא — דברים שיש בהם קדושה (תרומה, חלה) נוטלים מלוי,
דברים שאין בהם קדושה (זרוע, לחי, קיבה) אין נוטלים — נראה כמוכיח שהלוויים אינם ״עם״; מתורץ שוב
כמעשר ראשון לאחר עזרא. אחר כך: ״השוחט לכהן ולנוכרי פטור מן המתנות״, וברייתא מקבילה מפורשת גורסת
״ללוי ולישראל — חייב״. את זו אין הגמרא יכולה להסיט: תיובתא דרב.
מילתו האחרונה של רב — מחלוקת תנאים היא. פסוק כפרת יום הכיפורים (ויקרא ט״ז:ל״ג) נדרש בבא בבא;
ברייתא אחת דורשת ״וכפר״ מיותר על הלוויים, אחרת דורשתו על עבדים כנעניים. ההבדל: האם התנא
הראשון כבר כולל את הלוויים ב״עם הקהל״ (כן — עם), ומשאיר את המיותר לעבדים; או לא (לא — עם), וצריך
את המיותר ללוויים? רב מסתפק כאיזה תנא ההלכה — ולכן ספקו עומד אף מול ה״תיובתא״.
הפסק החותם ועולא.מרימר פוסק: הלכה כרב (מעמד הלוויים בספק, ואין מוציאים מהם את המתנות)
וכרב חסדא (אין תשלום על הזק המתנות). לבסוף, עולא היה נותן את המתנות לבת כהן — בתו של
כהן, ואפילו נשואה לישראל. רבא הקשה: שיירי מנחתה שלה נאכלים, אך של כהן כליל — אז ״כהן״ ממעט את
בתו; כיצד אפוא תקבל את המתנות? תשובת עולא — ״רבי…״ — נשפכת לקלב ע״א.
ההבחנות, זו מול זו
ברייתת מתנות העניים היא הטבלה הנקייה ביותר בדף: שלושה סוגי מתנה, כל אחד נבחן אם הבעלים רשאי לבחור
את המקבל, אם בית דין כופה אף בעלים עני, ובאיזה פועל השתמשה התורה.
מתנה
טובת הנאה לבעלים?
בית דין כופה אף בעלים עני?
המילה / המעמד המכריע
מתנות השדה לעניים — לקט, שכחה, פאה, פרט, עוללות
לא — הראשון שנוטל זוכה
כן
כתוב ״עזיבה״
מעשר עני, המתחלק בבית
כן
כן
כתוב ״נתינה״
מתנות כהונה — זרוע, לחי, קיבה
(הבעלים נותן למי שירצה)
אין נוטלים כהן↔כהן ולא לוי↔לוי
תלוי בספק — האם לוי ״עם״?
שורה אחת לקחת אתכם
כשאינך יכול להוכיח מי חייב, אינך יכול לחייבו לשלם: רב מניח את מתנות הלוי ורב חסדא מניח את חוב
המזיק מאותו הטעם — בלי תובע בעל מעמד אין תביעה שבית דין ישמע.
🎯 Test yourselfPonte a pruebaבחנו את עצמכם
Tip: click the card, then keys 1–4 answer and Enter moves on.Consejo: pulsa en la tarjeta; luego 1–4 responden y Enter continúa.טיפ: הקישו על הכרטיס; אחר כך 1–4 עונים ו-Enter ממשיך.
Tomorrow (Wed, 9 September 2026):
Chullin 132 — Ulla answers Rava "from your own burden" — the meal-offering verse that proves "kohen" can mean the daughter of a priest too — and the mishna on selling innards with the gifts still inside them.
Mañana (mié, 9 de septiembre de 2026):
Julín 132 — Ulá le responde a Rava "de tu propia carga" — el versículo de la ofrenda de harina que prueba que "cohén" puede significar también la hija de un cohén — y la mishná sobre vender las entrañas con los dones todavía dentro.
מחר (יום ד׳, 9 בספטמבר 2026):
חולין קלב — עולא משיב לרבא ״מגרעתך״ — הפסוק במנחה שמוכיח ש״כהן״ יכול להיות גם בת כהן — והמשנה על מכירת בני מעיים כשהמתנות עדיין בתוכם.